Sigmund Freud s Theory Of Aggression - 1623 Words

Sigmund Freud proposed that aggression was an inborn instinct or drive, as compared to later theorists who felt aggression was a reaction or a response to a situation (Meyer, 1996). Freud postulated that all human beings have two basic drives: aggressive and libidinal. The two drives were thought to appear in human behavior in a fused state. The aggressive drive was seen basically as destructive. Thus, it was referred to as thanatos, or the death instinct. This destructive aggression could be directed toward others or could be turned in on the self. If the latter occurred, a person would engage in self-punitive behaviors or suicide. The aggressive drive, Freud felt, could also be diverted into positive channels. Social psychologists disagree with the instinctual theory of aggression primarily on the basis that there is no empirical evidence to substantiate aggression as a drive. The instinctual theory of aggression is also criticized on the basis that if this were a universal trait i n all human beings, then all humans would display aggression (Meyer, 1996). This is not to deny, however, that there is a relationship between aggression and biological influences. Complex neural systems in the brain when stimulated electrically or chemically can promote aggressive behaviors. Similar effects are noted with certain types of head injuries. Head injury victims may react with rage distinct from ordinary anger (Rosenbaum, Hoge, Adelman, Warnken, Fletcher, Kane, 1994). Their rage mayShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1339 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud Biographic Description of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (currently known as Czech Republic). Freud is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which entails a scientific analysis of unpacking unconscious conflicts based on free associations, fantasies, and dreams of the patient. He was among the greatest psychologists of the 20th century, and his legacy lasts up to now. While young (4 years old), his family relocated to Vienna where he lived andRead MoreComparing The Work Of Sigmund Freud And A Neo Analytical Theorist1290 Words   |  6 PagesContrasting Personality Theories: Analysis of Freud and Karen Horney Yorkville University Alanna Sampson â€Æ' Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of the work of Sigmund Freud and a neo-analytical theorist. This paper will compare the work of Freud and Karen Horney and begins with an introduction to the study of personality and an identification of the key elements in Freud and Horney’s theories. The paper then moves into an analysis of where Horney and Freud would find agreementRead MorePsychodynamic And Humanistic Theories Of Psychology1634 Words   |  7 PagesPsychodynamic and Humanistic Personality Theories The study of the human mind is an interesting topic to discuss about, we have many theorists that have come up with many different ideas or theories, in how to evaluate the mind of humans, two main ways to study the mind in psychology are psychodynamic approach and humanistic approach. Even though these theories are to evaluate human minds they have different views in how the mind works. In psychodynamic approach, the way the mind is viewed is thatRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Development1000 Words   |  4 Pages2014 Abstract In this research paper, I explained what Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory of development is and why it is important for the developing child to overcome said conflicts. I also talked about the different effects of not overcoming the conflicts Freud had determined that would lead to adult behaviors. Over the years, Sigmund Freud has created many theories involving many different ideas in the psychological world. One theory that stood out to me throughout our journey in introductionRead MoreApplication of Freuds Theory of the Id, Ego and Superego1149 Words   |  5 Pages1 Application of Freud’s theory of the Id, Ego and Superego Heng Fason B1201816 HELP UNIVERSITY PSY 111 2 May is a 17 year old high school student in Malaysia. Her parents view education as a very important aspect in life and a way to achieve success, hence are compelling May to achieve good grades in her studies. As her parents think she should concentrate on her studies they are against the idea of her earning extra pocket money to buy some of the things she wants by taking up a part-timeRead MoreCharles Manson Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesBoyanski Columbia College Abstract There are many theories about what shapes an individual’s personality and when following these approaches, sense can be made of a certain person’s behavior. Charles Manson is a well-known serial killer whose personality is reflective of two specific personality theorists’ views. Sigmund Freud, whose psychosexual stages of development could explain some of the traits held by Manson. Karen Horney was anotherRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Behavior1333 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavior is crime. The fundamental purpose of theory is to explain things that can be observed. When discussing crime, it is essential to provide theories to grasp a conceptual understanding. There are many theories that have been conducted to better understand the cause of criminal behavior and crime. Some examples of these theories are Classical Theory, Deterrence Theory, Positivist Theory, Strain Theory, and Social Learning Theory. The Classical Theory developed by Cesare Beccaria, introduces theRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Critical Analysis1479 Words   |  6 Pages Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest, is the narrative of a former psychiatric patient who looks back at the events leading up to his freedom, the novel shows the true rebellious nature of man against tyrannical rule, and man’s never ending yearning for freedom and inner peace. The narrator Chief Bromden goes through a long period of silence and oppression, until Randall McMurphy is committed to the ward, and brings about a change in attitudes from the oppressed patients. Bromden has beenRead MoreFreudian Psychology: Main Ideas3015 Words   |  13 PagesMain Ideas Psychoanalysis is Sigmund Freud’s work, thought to be created between 1900 and 1939, which still is a very vibrant thread in history and psychology today. According to Sigmund Freud the unconscious mind is a reservoir of repressed impulses and desires in your mind, while you may be completely awake you are still unaware of the mental processes that are taking place. Though the repressed impulses control the way we think, act, and above all feel. Freud also talks about the conflictRead MorePsychoanalysis of Holden Caulfield1173 Words   |  5 PagesPsychoanalysis is a psychoanalytical theory and therapy that aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the conscious and unconscious elements in a human mind by bringing fears to the conscious mind. According to Sigmund Freud, â€Å"The unconscious silently directs the thoughts and behavior of the individual† (Freud 95). Holden Caulfield, the main character in J.D Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is s ixteen years old and does not act his own age for he is stuck in his own private world

Sigmund Freud And The Psychosexual Stages Of Development

Sigmund Freud was a very well-known psychologist in the early 20th century. He began his career in partnership with Joseph Breuer. Together they wrote and published the book Studies in Hysteria in 1895, after studying patients with hysteria and developing the idea that most mental disorders were caused by hidden traumatic experiences in the patients past. Freud began to put emphasis on the sexual experiences of childhood and he lost the support of Breuer. Freud continued his work alone and he published three more books. Freud’s work was not well recognized because of his emphasis on sex. In 1908, after the first International Psychoanalytical Congress, Freud’s work began to gain popularity and his psychoanalytic theory became well respected. He went on to publish more than twenty theoretical volumes and clinical studies. He continued to develop his ideas until he died of cancer in 1939. One of Freud’s theories was the psychosexual stages of development. It is important to recognize that Freud changed the meaning of sexuality to any form of pleasure that can be or is gathered from the body. Freud based his theory on the thought that all human instincts and drives were based on the desire to gain or increase bodily pleasure. Freud thought that if a person did not resolve their conflicts during each stage this would be the cause of any mental illness or phobia that they would have in their adult life. If one did resolve the conflict at each stage, then libido, sexual drives orShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud and his Five Psychosexual Development Stages2077 Words   |  8 Pagesof the womb. Sigmund Schlomo Freud was one of the most popular and controversial theological psychologist believed that there were certain stages a child must complete within the first five years up until adulthood to have a successful adult neurosis. Sigmund started as a neurologist in Vien na in 1886 where he practiced treating patients for hysteria and began methods of treatment like hypnosis and electric shock (Krapp, 2005). There is where he found the need for psychoanalysis. Freud was unanimouslyRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Development1000 Words   |  4 PagesIannaccone Introduction to Psychology December 4th, 2014 Abstract In this research paper, I explained what Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory of development is and why it is important for the developing child to overcome said conflicts. I also talked about the different effects of not overcoming the conflicts Freud had determined that would lead to adult behaviors. Over the years, Sigmund Freud has created many theories involving many different ideas in the psychological world. One theory that stoodRead More The Three Elements of Personality by Sigmund Freud777 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was one of the trailblazers of modern-day psychology. After several years of clinical practice, Sigmund Freud became concern about finding a new way to cure his patients. He developed a new way of treatment, the psychoanalytic therapy based on the existence of the unconscious. According to his theory, our behavior is driven by sexual and destructive feelings. Freud mentions in his psychoanalytical theory of personality there are five stages of psychosexual stagesRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1339 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud Biographic Description of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (currently known as Czech Republic). Freud is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which entails a scientific analysis of unpacking unconscious conflicts based on free associations, fantasies, and dreams of the patient. He was among the greatest psychologists of the 20th century, and his legacy lasts up to now. While young (4 years old), his family relocated to Vienna where he lived andRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1356 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist, also known as the founding father of Psychoanalysis. Freud discovered psychoanalysis by organizing ideas and information from different theories and clinical observations. Psychoanalysis is A method of analyzing psychic phenomena and treating mental and emotional disorders that is based on the concepts and theories of Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes the importance of free association and dream analysis, and that involves treatment sessions during which theRead MoreTheories And Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pagespsychology, I have chosen psychosexual and psychosocial development to provide basic tenets, explain why they are important to my future discipline and also analyze the relationship between my chosen therapist Freud and Erikson. Two key theories Freud s Theory of Psychosexual and Erikson s Theory of Psychosocial development are both psychoanalytic theories. Sigmund Freud concluded that personality develops through several stages and the psychosexual development was the driving force behindRead MoreSigmund Freud and Carl Jung1331 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud and Carl Jung Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung begun their relationship in 1906, when Carl Jung sent Freud a copy of his signed published studies, But Jung did not know that Sigmund Freud actually already owned a copy (well-Documented). Jung looked up to Freud and saw him as a father figure (well-Documented). Freud became Jung’s Mentor. In 1909, Freud and Jung toured the United States, and this is were they had a few disagreement on the unconscious mind. Jung thought Freud was negativeRead MoreShedding Light On Freud s Controversial Psychoanalytic Theory1525 Words   |  7 PagesKraft St. Johns River State College: Human Growth and Development Shedding Light on Freud’s Controversial Psychoanalytic Theory Psychoanalytic theories suggest that developmental changes happen due to the power of internal drives and emotions. Sigmund Freud, a Viennese physician, is said to be the founding father of this theory. He believed biological impulses, such as a need for food and sex, were the driving impulses for personality development (Denise Boyd Helen Bee, 2012, p. 25). In fact, oneRead MoreEssay on Sigmund Freud: The Father of Psychoanalysis1580 Words   |  7 Pages Sigmund Freud, also known as the father of psychoanalysis, was born May 6th of 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia. A few years later he moved to Vienna, Austria and years after to England. Sigmund Freud was known for connecting psychological issues with sexual issues. Freud demonstrated a broad perspective on things involving dreams, religion, and cultural artifacts. He focused on different states of the mind, such as unconsciousness. Freud relied on a local sexual repression issue to create theoriesRead MoreThe Personality The ories Of Sigmund Freud And Alfred Adler999 Words   |  4 Pagestheories of Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. Within this paper, the background of the theorist will be discussed along with personality theories. This paper will also provide description some of the major principles of personality theories to include lifespan personality changes, gender and culture. The last section will be a personal opinion, why and conclusion of the theories how it can be conceptualized regarding my own family situation. History Over the years every time you hear the Sigmund Freud

Making Important Choices Essay Example For Students

Making Important Choices Essay People make choice every day. Students choose the class in school. Little children choose the activity they like to do after homework. Graduators choose the job and future. Some choices have good effect in the future life, also some choices are bad. More importantly, some choices will cause huge changes in our lives. Just like in the article â€Å"The Joy of Reading and Writing Superman and Me† which was written by Sherman Alexie. In his story, he made an extremely important choice in his life. He decided to save his life by refusing failing in the school work. In his growing environment, Indian students did not have a fair competition with the non-Indian students. They always want Indian students to be quiet in the classroom. Sherman did not like that. He thought he was smart and chose to change his life. He read more books and believed that he could save his life by books. Finally, he succeed. After reading his story, I remember that I did some important choice when I was young. In my situation, some choices are quite helpful in my future. I think that a great choice is just a start. The motivation for the choice, family’s support, and the faith of never give up will assist you to make that great choice into success. The motivation which push you to fight for the choice can support people achieve their goal. In the other words, it is you want that achievement. For example, I am an international student. It is hard to a little boy to decide go aboard for study. Like a little bird. He leaves from the cover of their parents, familiar nest, and comfortable life. He spreads his little wings and flies to the spacious sky. I was confused that time. I do not know my choice to go the USA is correct or not. In the inside of me, I figure that I want to see the outside of the world. I want to increase the value of me. So, I decided that I am going to fight for my choice. During the time of fight, I lost myself once. It is difficult to go to the USA. You need to practice your English skills everyday and get a higher grade in the placement test. I read the English book, finished the reading homework, and wrote the essay over and over again. My friends always suggest me to get some rest. They think I am almost crushed by English. In my mind, I believe that I can still do it well. Like Sherman said in his story â€Å"I am smart. I am arrogant. I am lucky. I am trying to save our lives†. He used all his time read books, studied on the school works. He knew that was only way he can change his life. I tried my best to prove my choice was right. Finally, it worked. I pass the placement test and came to the USA. I am glad that I choose to challenge myself to get higher goal. The choice that I made can be success my family’s support is extremely important. That was a undisputed fact. In many cultures, family always occupies a unique position. Family is the most soft part in people’s heart. People think that home is always the heaven for soul. That is the reason for why family played in an important role in every society. Family help people to surmount the obstacle and chase the dream by financially support. In my own experiences my father support me to go to the college in the USA by pay the money for everything I cost in here. Before I came here, in the airport, my father told me, â€Å"Son, you do not need to worry about the money. You choose this road. You mother and I cannot help you oversea. The only thing we can do is pay the money for you. .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d , .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d .postImageUrl , .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d , .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d:hover , .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d:visited , .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d:active { border:0!important; } .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d:active , .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u28b7f4c9f606928cd1c7fbdac2e39c6d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marketing Research EssayBelieve in your parent†. I was almost going to cry. I was impressed by my father’s saying. That was the first time for me to think about the family’s importance in my lives. My mother is a sensitive person. She is not as logical as my father on deciding. When I faced some obstacles that I could not over, my mother always gave some useful advise they I can use it to solve the same type question. Like Amy Tan was written in the â€Å"Mother tongue†, I want to capture what language ability test can never reveal: her intent, her passion, her imagery, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thought. One time, I did not get a good grade in my math class. I was upset and stressful. Most of my classmate got a great score in the test. I confused by the reasons I did not get the point. Later, I talked to my mother. She thought a while; she said that I gave myself too much pressure. â€Å"You need to know how to relax yourself in this situation. Your father and I already know that you are pushed yourself so hard. You also feel that you tried you best in the study. People are difference. Maybe you are not good at math. We do not want you to be the best in the school. We hope you try your best in anything. Then you will not get regret in your life†. We as human beings do whatever it takes to protect and provide for the good of our family. A faith of never give up also gave me a lots of helps on the way of success. Never give up. These words describes what inside of me and the ways about I doing things. Person has some dreams in his or her life and his or her dream to make it real. Achieving the dream is the most important part of life. Life is of no meaning without dream. I have already made my choice. All I need to do is working on it and never give up. Maybe I will success or possibly I will fail in the way. At least I tried, I will not regret of that. In China, almost every one told me that the American’s maths class is easy to the Chinese students. I believed that in the China. After I took a math class in college and finally realized that I was wrong. Indeed, the thing teacher taught us in the class that was so easy. The difficult part is I cannot understand what the meaning of the question. I did not do well in the first two test. My math teacher suggested me that to drop this class. In her thought, she felts that my English skills was pulled me back. I said: â€Å"thank you for the concern. But I will fix that. Please give three weeks. † I never give up. I will show that I can do it. In those three weeks, I felt like a month. Everyday, I learn the math three times. One time is in Chinese. The second time is in English. The third time is for review. In the weekends, I went to the church to practice my listening and speaking skills. I also attended a math club in school. My club friends assisted me a lot. They helped me to understand to questions quickly and told me some trick in the test. Three weeks later, I changed. I finally follow the class. My English were not pulled me back again. Choice is very important for every individual person in the world. Sometimes if person makes a choice which was against the value of the people, that person will be isolated in his community. I do not know whether my parents agree my choice or not. From now, I can say that at least they are not disagree. I am glad that my parent supporting when I was outside. Also, the inside of me, motivation and a faith make me believe that I did not choose wrong.

The Golden Age of Athens Essay Example

The Golden Age of Athens Essay In Greece, fifth-century BC was a time and place of extraordinary success, economic growth, and global power. Indeed it is now referred as being the Golden Age in the cities of Greece, especially Athens. This period lasted from around 500 to 350 BC, at this point, the cities were flowering both intellectually and culturally. Also, significant changes were made during these years; this includes changes in the fields of art, architecture, government and literature. Many important names contributed to this period, but the focus here will be Socrates for his philosophy, Sophocles as one of the three great tragedians and Pericles in the area of politics. Philosophy in ancient Greece was one of the most important intellectual studies. During the period of the Golden Age, there was a great amount of prosperity in the area of philosophy, and there was an uncountable amount of famous philosophers. Nonetheless, the three philosophers that were and still are considered the greatest of the time were Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato. The main focus here, however, will solely be Socrates as he was possibly the most thought-provoking and influential of the thinkers. He was the only one that did not write anything and instead did a lot of public speaking about his theories and ideas. So, we rely on the work of his students, â€Å"especially Plato and Xenophon† (Kemerling, Garth), to have a precise idea of the thinking of Socrates. The philosopher â€Å"invented† Socratic Teaching, which is still used today. This method of teaching consists of asking students questions instead of answers so that the student gets to think on their ow n and give a confident answer himself. He also had a philosophical method called Dialectic, which â€Å"consisted of finding the truth with rational reflection and the belief that if a statement is true it cannot lead to false consequences† (Socrates, Questia School) Anyways, philosophy under the teaching and morality of Socrate We will write a custom essay sample on The Golden Age of Athens specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Golden Age of Athens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Golden Age of Athens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Whats a Good ACT Score for Your College

What's a Good ACT Score for Your College SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Hopefully at this point in your college application process you have thought about your dream schools. Whether you took the ACT once and are debating taking it again or if you are just beginning the ACT preparation process, you are probably wondering what ACT will get you accepted. While there is no one exact ACT score that will be considered â€Å"good† for your college or guarantee you a spot, there is a particular ACT score that will you give you the best chance of being accepted. What is it? I will answer that and more by guiding you through 4 easy steps. College ACT Score Ranges and What They Mean for You Before figuring out your target score, you should look at colleges’ ACT score range.The score range will show the scores that admitted freshmen received.Usually, schools provide you with scores from the most recent applicant pool. The scores will be written in one of two ways: as a 25th/75th percentile range or as an average ACT score.The 25th percentile score indicates 25% of admits received an ACT score at or below that number (and 75% of admits scored higher).The 75th percentile score means 75% of admits received an ACT score at or below that number (and 25% of admits scored higher).The average ACT scoreis simply the average of all admitted students’ ACT scores. Looking at the score ranges will help you understand what ACT score you need to be a competitive applicant to that universitysince you'll know what ACT scores admitted students received.Before figuring out your target ACT score, you need to figure out what your list of target schools. Step #1: Create Your List of Target Schools You may have some schools in mind, but take the time to write down a list of the schools you hope to attend. Do not include your safety schools on this list.A safety school is a schoolthat you're almost certain you'll be accepted to with the ACTscore and GPA you have now. This target school list should include the more selective colleges. You should exclude the safety schools because you want to plan your target ACT score for the colleges with the most difficult admissions criteria. If you meet the admissions criteria for the selective colleges, you'll very likely be accepted to your safety schools.Once you have identified your target schools, draw a table with 3 columns with the following titles: School Name 25th Percentile or Average ACT 75th Percentile / Target Score Fill in your target colleges under school name as I did below: School Name 25th Percentile or Average ACT 75th Percentile / Target Score University of Michigan UC Berkeley Under the 2nd column for 25th percentile or average ACT, you should write either the 25th percentile or average SAT score for that college. As I said before, universities will only give you one or the other; whichever they give you, writethat number in that column. Under the last column for 75th percentile / target score, write the school’s 75th percentile score (if you can find it). For colleges that give average ACT, you will be calculating a unique target score later on in this article. Step #2: Find Out the ACT Scores of Admitted Students. Now that you have your list finding the admitted students’ ACT score range is very easy. Simply search â€Å"[College Name] ACT† or â€Å"[College Name] ACT 25th/75th percentile† in Google.That will lead you to what is known as the Freshman Admission Profile for your target school.If you can't locatea Freshman Admit Profile for your target college, check out our database of college admission requirements. There you'll find the admissions requirementsfor almost every schoolin the US. Use the Command + F function on your keyboard to search for your target college. Here is a screenshot of University of Michigan’s Freshman Admit Profile: Colleges will usually provide you with the 25th/75th percentile ACT score for freshmen. Some colleges call it the mid 50% range (as UMich does above), but the 2 numbers they provide are the 25th and 75th percentile scores.For UMich, the 25th percentile ACT score is 30, and the 75th percentile ACT score is 34. Add the 25th percentile / 75th percentile composite ACT score to your chart in the appropriate columns: School Name 25th Percentile or Average ACT 75th Percentile / Target Score University of Michigan 31 34 UC Berkeley While most colleges tell you the 25th/75th percentile ACT scores, other colleges will only give you one number, the average ACT score for admits (which UC Berkeley does on their admissions site).The average ACT score is just the average of all of the ACT scores for admits. Since the score is an average, you cannot determine exactly how many applicants scored above and below it, but we will assume about 50% of admits scored above and 50% of admits scored below. For Berkeley, the average ACT is 31. Knowing this information, we'll writeit in the column for 25th Percentile or Average SAT, leave the 75th Percentile / Target Score blank for now for the schools that only provide average ACT. I'll explain what to fill in for those schools later on: School Name 25th Percentile or Average ACT 75th Percentile / Target Score University of Michigan 31 34 UC Berkeley 31 Step #3: Determine Your Target Score for Those Schools. Based on each school’s 25th/75th percentile ACT or average ACT, we'll determine what your target score should be.For schools that provide the 25th/75th percentile ACT, you should aim for a score at or above the 75th percentile. (Which is exactly why I had you list the 75th percentile in the same column as target score. The 75th percentile is your target score!) For those schools that just give you an average composite ACT (such as UC Berkeley), I would aim for a score 2 points above that average score.For the best shot of admission to UC Berkeley, I would aim for a 33. You should writein that number (the average ACT plus 2 points) on your chart under 75th percentile / Target score: School Name 25th Percentile or Average ACT 75th Percentile / Target Score University of Michigan 31 34 UC Berkeley 31 33 You may wonder why you shouldn’t aim a score closer to the 25th percentile or the average since many applicants are accepted with that score. I wrote this article assuming that you are a â€Å"normal† applicant and not a â€Å"special† applicant. To qualify as a special applicant, you need to be an athlete, legacy, child of significant donors, or a unique talent (such as world-class opera singers or famous actors). These special applicants are typically admitted with the lower scores (25th percentile score). If you're a â€Å"normal† applicant, you'll want a higher ACT score to set you apart and give yourself the best chance of being accepted. The higher your score, the better your chance of admission. As an example, check out Brown University’s breakdown of admission; below is a screenshot: If you look at the highest score (36), 23.8% of applicants who scored a 36 were accepted to Brown, which is significantly higher than the overall Brown admissions rate 8.7%. You can see that as your score begins to decline (you get between 33 and 35) your chance of admission drops by 11.1%, from 23.8% to 12.7%.The lesson to take away from this data is the higher you score, the better your chance of being accepted. In my chart above, the two â€Å"Target Scores† vary by 1 point, so which should you aim for?Aim for the highest target score on your list. That way, when you reach the highest target score, you have the best chance of admission at all of the universities on your list. If you got a 34 and applied to UC Berkeley and University of Michigan, you would have a great chance of being accepted to both. However, if you aimed for the lower target score and got a 33 and applied to University of Michigan, you would now fall short of the 75th percentile score and be in the middle 50% of admits scores. You still have a decent chance of being accepted, but your chances are not quite as good. Step #4: Create a Plan to Achieve Your Target ACT Score. To achieve your target score, you need to have a clearplan of attack. If you need significant improvement to meet your target score, you should think about taking an ACT prep class, hiring an ACT tutor, or using an online ACT program such as PrepScholar. Our program figures out your strengths and weaknesses and personalizes your ACT preparation to your needs. For more information about our program, read How to Ensure Online Tutoring from PrepScholarTutors is Right for You? If your family can’t afford one of those options and/or you want to prepare on your own, check out our ACT study plan guides: 5 Step SAT/ACT Test Dates Study Plan for Summer before Senior Year SAT/ACT Test Dates Study Plan for Sophomores and Juniors SAT / ACT Study Guide: Schedule and Plan for One Year or More Don't forget that your target score is in reach if you put in the time and effort. What’s Next? Learn more about preparing for the ACT: How Many Questions Can You Skip for a Good ACT Score? Systems of Equations on ACT Math: Algebra Strategies and Practice Problems The Ultimate Study Guide for ACT English: Tips, Rules, Practice, and Strategies The Ultimate Study Guide for ACT Science: Tips, Practice, and Strategies Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

A History of the Chola Empire of India

A History of the Chola Empire of India Nobody knows exactly when the first Chola kings took power in the southern point of India, but certainly, the Chola Dynasty was established by the third century BCE, because they are mentioned in one of Ashoka the Greats stelae.  Not only did the Cholas outlast Ashokas Mauryan Empire, they continued to rule until 1279 CE- more than 1,500 years.   Fun Fact The Cholas ruled for more than 1,500 years, making them one of the longest-ruling families in human history, if not the longest. The Chola Empire was based in the Kaveri River Valley, which runs southeast through Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and the southern Deccan Plateau to the Bay of Bengal.  At its height, the Chola Empire controlled not only southern India and Sri Lanka, but also the Maldives.  It took key maritime trading posts from the Srivijaya Empire in what is now Indonesia, enabling a rich cultural transfusion in both directions, and sent diplomatic and trading missions to Chinas Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 CE). Chola History The origins of the Chola Dynasty are lost to history.  The kingdom is mentioned, however, in early Tamil literature, and on one of the Pillars of Ashoka (273 - 232 BCE).  It also appears in the Greco-Roman Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. 40 - 60 CE), and in Ptolemys Geography (c. 150 CE).  The ruling family came from the Tamil ethnic group. Around the year 300 CE, the Pallava and Pandya Kingdoms spread their influence over most of the Tamil heartlands of southern India, and the Cholas went into a decline.  They likely served as sub-rulers under the new powers, yet they retained  enough prestige that their daughters often married in to the Pallava and Pandya families. When war broke out between the Pallava and Pandya kingdoms in about 850 CE, the Cholas seized their chance.  King Vijayalaya renounced his Pallava overlord and captured the city of Thanjavur (Tanjore), making it his new capital.  This marked the start of the Medieval Chola period  and the peak of Chola power. Vijayalayas son, Aditya I, went on to defeat  the Pandyan Kingdom in 885 and the  Pallava Kingdom in 897 CE.  His son followed up with the conquest of Sri Lanka in 925; by 985, the Chola Dynasty ruled all of the Tamil-speaking regions of southern India.  The next two kings, Rajaraja Chola I (r. 985 - 1014 CE) and Rajendra Chola I (r. 1012 - 1044 CE) extended the empire still further.   Rajaraja Cholas reign marked the emergence of the Chola Empire as a multi-ethnic trading colossus.  He pushed the empires northern boundary out of Tamil lands to Kalinga in the northeast of India  and sent his navy to capture the Maldives and the rich Malabar Coast along the subcontinents southwestern shore.  These territories were key points along the  Indian Ocean trade routes.   By 1044, Rajendra Chola had pushed the borders north to the Ganges River (Ganga), conquering the rulers of Bihar and Bengal, and he had also taken coastal Myanmar (Burma), the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and key ports in the Indonesian archipelago and Malay Peninsula.  It was the first true maritime empire based in India.  The Chola Empire under Rajendra even exacted tribute from Siam (Thailand) and Cambodia.  Cultural and artistic influences flowed in both directions between Indochina and the Indian mainland.   Throughout the medieval period, however, the Cholas had one major thorn in their side.  The Chalukya Empire, in the  western Deccan Plateau,  rose up periodically and tried to throw off Chola control.  After decades of intermittent warfare, the Chalukya kingdom collapsed in 1190.  The Chola Empire, however, did not long outlast its gadfly. It was an ancient rival that finally did in the Cholas for good.  Between 1150 and 1279, the Pandya family gathered its armies and launched a number of bids for independence in their traditional lands.  The Cholas under Rajendra III  fell to the Pandyan Empire  in 1279  and ceased to exist. The Chola Empire left a rich legacy in the Tamil country.  It saw majestic architectural accomplishments such as the Thanjavur Temple, amazing artwork including particularly graceful  bronze sculpture, and a golden age of Tamil literature and poetry.  All of these cultural properties also found their way into the Southeast Asian artistic lexicon, influencing religious art and literature from Cambodia to Java.

Health Reform Plan Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Reform Plan - Research Paper Example When Clinton administration took office, it did not prioritize health reform per se because it fashioned the supposedly reform to fit their political agenda. The task force, which was constituted to construct the policy, was made up of over 30 working groups with over 500 participants (Yankelovich, 1995). What Clinton and his adviser failed to know was that congress is a political body whose profession is only to make the most politically viable policies, but not policies for public significance. This way, the resultant policy was not inclined to benefit ordinary citizens because the political reality is that healthcare benefits represent income to few players, who benefit from the health industry and whose interest is to ensure that policies favour them. Therefore, the politician and the reform body mistook good policy for good politics by creating a bill which was fit for political mileage rather than political process. Moreover, the Clinton administration did not appreciate the need for a national strategy to sell the plan to the people. Medical coverage would have been a source of anxiety for all Americans as well as voters (Yankelovich, 1995). Failure to involve Americans resulted to what is referred to as human error. One angle of the human error lies in the fact that with 84 per cent of Americans holding health insurance, they were deeply afraid of losing their benefits (Toner, 1993). As a result, whenever the public was interviewed concerning their satisfaction on the old health coverage, most of them rated the services as either ‘very good’ or ‘good’, and this made it very hard to reform the system. Democrats have been avoiding the repeat of the idea following the reform debacle, and this attitude has been a foremost impediment to change.There are several recommendations for president Obama based on the failure of this reform. First, there is no fact in the idea that health reform is not inevitable in the United States